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磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖-3(glypican-3,GPC-3)是由蛋白质、糖和脂质共价连接形成的复合物,属于磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖家族,它主要通过糖磷脂酰肌醇(glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol, GPI)锚定在细胞膜外表面[1-2]。人类GPC-3核心蛋白主要有40 kDa左右的N-端和30 kDa左右的C-端两部分组成,是由580个氨基酸组成的近70 kDa 的核心蛋白。GPC-3在人类胚胎细胞早期生长发育过程中大量表达,并通过人类骨形成发生蛋白(BMP)、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)或是Hh (Hedgehog)信号通路对组织细胞的形态发生和生长起到关键调节作用[3-5]。从胚胎细胞生长为胎儿肝细胞的第18-30个周中可以检测到GPC-3,但在正常的成熟成人肝组织中未见其表达[6]。
原发性肝癌是我国最主要的恶性肿瘤之一。据统计,在中国HCC发病率是25.7/10万,仅次于肺癌和胃癌;而其死亡率则达到23.7/10万,死亡率在所有能引起死亡的肿瘤中排列第三。尽管HCC的手术和药物治疗已经有了很大的进展,但是原发性肝癌的预后还是很差[7]。AFP和超声波的使用对于肝癌患者的监测是有必要的,但是对于早期肝癌的诊断,其敏感性及特异性并不是很好。因此早期诊断可以提高HCC病人的生存期。作为癌胚抗原的一种,GPC-3在70%的HCC组织中呈现高表达,但是在良性肝脏病变、肝硬化、肝炎或是健康成人组织中几乎不表达[8]。研究表明,GPC-3在早期肝癌尤其在HCC诊断中有很好的检测效果[9-10]。GPC-3 是AFP 和超声波检查的有效补充方法。
参考文献:
1 Filmus
J, Capurro MI,
Rast J. Glypicans.
Genome Biol 2008; 9(5): 224.
2 Traister A,
Shi W, Filmus
J. Mammalian Notum
induces the release of
glypicans and other
GPI-anchored proteins from
the cell surface. Biochemical J 2008; 410(3): 503-11.
3 Yamauchi N, Watanabe A, Hishinuma M, Ohashi
K, Midorikawa Y, Morishita Y,
et al. The
glypican 3 oncofetal
protein is a promising
diagnostic marker for
hepatocellular carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2005; 18(12): 1591-8.
4 Capurro
MI, Xu P,
Shi W, Li F, Jia A,
Filmus J. Glypican-3 inhibits Hedgehog
signaling during development
by competing with patched for
Hedgehog binding. Dev Cell 2008; 14(5): 700-11.
5 Zhang
L, Liu H,
Sun L, Li
N, Ding H,
Zheng J. Glypican-3 as
a potential differential
diagnosis marker for
hepatocellular carcinoma: A
tissue microarray-based study. Acta
Histochem 2012; 114(6): 547-52.
6 Hsu
HC, Cheng W,
Lai PL. Cloning
and expression of a
developmentally regulated transcript
MXR7 in hepatocellular carcinoma: Biological
significance and temporospatial distribution. Cancer Res 1997;
57(22): 5179-84.
7 Zhu
RX, Seto WK,
Lai CL, Yuen
MF. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma
in the Asia-Pacific region.
Gut Liver 2016; 10(3): 332-9.
8 Liu H, Li P, Zhai Y, Qu CF, Zhang LJ, Tan YF,
et al. Diagnostic value of glypican-3 in serum and liver for primary
hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16(35): 4410-5.
9 Tangkijvanich
P, Chanmee T,
Komtong S, Mahachai
V, Wisedopas N, Pothacharoen
P, et al.
Diagnostic role of
serum glypican-3 in differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma
from non-malignant chronic liver
disease and other
liver cancers. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25(1): 129-37.
10 Man
XB, Tang L,
Zhang BH, Li
SJ, Qiu XH,
Wu MC, et al.
Upregulation of Glypican-3
expression in hepatocellular carcinoma but
downregulation in cholangiocarcinoma indicates its differential diagnosis value in
primary liver cancers. Liver Int 2005;
25(5): 962-6.